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Joseph VI Estephan (1729–1793) (or Yusuf Istifan, ''Stephan'', (アラビア語:يوسف السادس اسطفان)) was the Maronite Patriarch of Antioch from 1766 until his death in 1793. ==Life== Joseph Estephan was born in the village of Ghosta, in the Keserwan District, Lebanon in 1729. He studied in Rome in the College of the Propaganda where he remained from 1739 to 1751. Returning to Lebanon on May 21, 1752 he was ordained as a priest by his uncle, bishop John Estephan, and in August 1754 he was consecrated bishop of Beirut by Patriarch Simon Awad. His uncle, John Estephan, participated in the 1736 Council of Mount-Lebanon and in 1742 became bishop of Beirut. In 1754 John Estephan retired in order to let his nephew, Joseph, be appointed bishop of the same town. Joseph Estephan remained bishop of Beirut till 1762, when he quarreled with Patriarch Tobias El Khazen, because he refused to support the uncanonical arrangement of dioceses decided by Tobias, and also because he was accused of being ordained bishop at 23 years, not 25 years as Joseph Estephan always claimed.〔 After Tobias' death, Joseph Estephan was elected patriarch on June 9, 1766, and confirmed by Pope Clement XIII on April 6, 1767. He summoned a synod in Ghosta in 1768 concerning the distribution of tithes, an issue on which he collided with many bishops who complained against Propaganda Fide.〔 The main complaints against him were caused by his strong support of the visionary nun Hindiyya al-'Ujaimi. The Jesuits, as well as some Maronites, became more and more mistrustful of her doctrine and personal cult, and finally obtained from Rome an inspection carried out in 1775 by Pietro Craveri of Moretta (1726–1801). Following the advice of Moretta, on July 17, 1779 Pope Pius VI issued a decree stating that Hindiyya was deluded and her revelations and doctrines false. Moreover, the Pope suspended Joseph Estephan from all functions (apart from episcopal appointments and consecrations) and nominated Michael El Khazen〔Michel Khazen was consecrated bishop of Caesarea on Nov 15, 1767 by Estephan, and died in 1786.〕 as Vicar. Joseph Estephan, hearing the news, tried to travel to Rome, but his health forced him to stop at Mount Carmel. In the meantime Michel Khazen summoned a synod, on July 21, 1780 in which he did not even invite Estephan. This situation lasted till the young secretary of Pietro Craveri of Moretta, Joseph Tyan, took it upon himself to travel to Rome, against the will of Craveri, to plead Estephan's case. On September 28, 1784 Propaganda Fide restored Joseph Estephan in all his functions. Restored as Patriarch, Joseph Estephan summoned other two synods, the first on September 6–11, 1786 at 'Ain-Caqiq, which was not approved by Rome, and the second, approved, at Berke from December 3–18, 1790 under the presidency of Germanos Adam. On January 14, 1789 Joseph Estephan converted the convent of 'Ain-Warqa into a seminary. He died on April 22, 1793. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Joseph Estephan」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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